Unit 3: Navigating & Describing - Your First Cases

Ahoj! You’ve mastered greetings, introductions, basic verbs, and even numbers up to 100! That’s incredible progress. Now, get ready for a big step: we’re diving into grammatical cases. Don’t let that word scare you! Think of cases as little clues that tell you a word’s job in a sentence (is it the actor? the object? the location?). French and English don’t have them in the same way, but they’re fundamental to Czech. We’ll introduce them gently, focusing on practical usage first. By the end of this unit, you’ll be able to ask for directions, order food, shop, and describe things around you. Pojďme na to!

Chapter 12: Asking “Where?” & Saying “Here/There”

One of the first things you often need to do in a new place is ask where something is! This chapter will equip you with those essential phrases and introduce you to some common prepositions of location.

Examples in Action:

Imagine you’re trying to find your way around Prague:

Dialogue 1: Looking for the toilet (a universal need!) You: Promiňte, prosím, kde je toaleta? /PRO-min-tye, PRO-seem, GDE ye TO-a-le-ta/ (Excuse me, please, where is the toilet?) Local: Toaleta je tady. /TO-a-le-ta ye TA-di/ (The toilet is here.)

Dialogue 2: Asking about a landmark You: Kde je Karlův most? /GDE ye KAR-loov MOST/ (Where is Charles Bridge?) Local: Karlův most je tam. /KAR-loov MOST ye TAM/ (Charles Bridge is there.)

Dialogue 3: Using prepositions of location You: Kde jsi? /GDE si/ (Where are you? [informal]) Friend: Jsem v restauraci. /ysem v RES-tow-ra-tsi/ (I am in the restaurant.) You: A kde je Petr? /A GDE ye PETR/ (And where is Petr?) Friend: On je u nádraží. /on ye oo NAAD-ra-zhee/ (He is at/by the train station.) You: A kde je kniha? /A GDE ye KNI-ha/ (And where is the book?) Friend: Kniha je na stole. /KNI-ha ye na STO-le/ (The book is on the table.)

Vocabulary Table: Locations & Prepositions

Czech Word / Phrase	Phonetic Transcription	English Meaning	Notes
Kde je…?	/GDE ye/	Where is…?	The most common way to ask about location.
Tady	/TA-di/	Here
Tam	/TAM/	There
toaleta	/TO-a-le-ta/	toilet	Feminine noun.
restaurace	/RES-tow-ra-tse/	restaurant	Feminine noun.
nádraží	/NAAD-ra-zhee/	train station	Neuter noun.
náměstí	/NAAM-nyes-tyee/	square (city)	Neuter noun.
hotel	/HO-tel/	hotel	Masculine noun.
kavárna	/KA-vaar-na/	cafe	Feminine noun.
stůl	/stool/	table	Masculine noun.
v (+ location)	/v/	in / at	Used for being inside something or generally at a place (e.g., in a city). The noun often changes form after ‘v’, e.g., v Praze (in Prague).
na (+ location)	/na/	on / at	Used for being on a surface or at certain public places. The noun often changes form after ‘na’, e.g., na náměstí (at the square), na stole (on the table).
u (+ location)	/oo/	at / by	Used for being next to or near something. The noun often changes form after ‘u’, e.g., u nádraží (by the train station).

Grammar Breakdown: Simple Prepositions of Location (The “Where?” Case)

In Czech, when you ask “Kde je…?” (Where is…?) and then state the location, the noun for that location often changes its ending. This is your first encounter with Czech grammatical cases, specifically what’s called the Locative case for v and na, and the Genitive case for u.

Don’t worry about memorizing the case names or full declension tables yet! For now, the most important thing is to recognize the patterns and learn these common phrases as fixed expressions. Your brain will start to intuitively grasp the changes.

v (in/at):
- v restauraci (in the restaurant) - restaurace (Nom.) $\rightarrow$ restauraci
- v Praze (in Prague) - Praha (Nom.) $\rightarrow$ Praze
- v hotelu (in the hotel) - hotel (Nom.) $\rightarrow$ hotelu
na (on/at):
- na stole (on the table) - stůl (Nom.) $\rightarrow$ stole
- na náměstí (at the square) - náměstí (Nom.) $\rightarrow$ náměstí (no change here!)
u (at/by):
- u nádraží (by the train station) - nádraží (Nom.) $\rightarrow$ nádraží (no change here!)

Key takeaway: When you use v, na, or u to say where something is, the noun might look a little different. Just learn these common phrases for now, and you’ll naturally start picking up the patterns.

Chapter 13: Ordering Food & Drinks (The Nominative & Accusative Cases)

One of the most enjoyable parts of visiting a new country is trying the local cuisine and drinks! This chapter will teach you how to politely express what you’d like to order, and introduce you to your first two formal grammatical cases.

Examples in Action:

Imagine you’re in a traditional Czech hospoda (pub) or a cozy kavárna (cafe):

Dialogue 1: Ordering a drink Waiter: Dobrý den, co si dáte? /DO-bree DEN, tso si DAA-te/ (Good day, what will you have?) You: Dobrý den. Chtěl bych pivo, prosím. /DO-bree DEN. KHTYEL bikh PI-vo, PRO-seem/ (Good day. I would like a beer, please. [if you are a man]) Waiter: Tady je pivo. /TA-di ye PI-vo/ (Here is the beer.) You: Děkuji! /DYE-ku-yi/ (Thank you!)

Dialogue 2: Ordering coffee and water You: Chtěla bych kávu a vodu, prosím. /KHTYE-la bikh KAA-voo a VO-doo, PRO-seem/ (I would like a coffee and water, please. [if you are a woman]) Waiter: Ano, hned to bude. /A-no, hnet to BU-de/ (Yes, it will be ready soon.)

Vocabulary Table: Food & Drink Essentials

Czech Word	Phonetic Transcription	English Meaning	Gender (Nominative)	Accusative Form	Notes
káva	/KAA-va/	coffee	F	kávu	Feminine noun. Note the -u ending in Accusative.
pivo	/PI-vo/	beer	N	pivo	Neuter noun. No change in Accusative (for now).
voda	/VO-da/	water	F	vodu	Feminine noun. Note the -u ending in Accusative.
chléb	/HLEB/	bread	M (inanimate)	chléb	Masculine inanimate noun. No change in Accusative.
sýr	/seer/	cheese	M (inanimate)	sýr	Masculine inanimate noun. No change in Accusative.
polévka	/PO-lev-ka/	soup	F	polévku	Feminine noun. Note the -u ending in Accusative.
jíst	/yeest/	to eat			Verb.
pít	/peet/	to drink			Verb.
chtěl bych…	/KHTYEL bikh/	I would like…			If you are a man. This is a polite, conditional form.
chtěla bych…	/KHTYE-la bikh/	I would like…			If you are a woman. This is a polite, conditional form.
jídelní lístek	/YEE-del-nee LEES-tek/	menu			Literally “eating list”.

Grammar Breakdown: The Nominative & Accusative Cases

This is where we officially meet two of the seven Czech grammatical cases:

Nominative Case: This is the “base” form of the noun, the one you find in the dictionary. It’s used for the subject of the sentence – the one doing the action or the one being something.
- Example: Káva je dobrá. (The coffee is good.) - Káva is the subject.
- Example: Chléb je velký. (The bread is big.) - Chléb is the subject.
Accusative Case: This case is used for the direct object of the verb – the thing that receives the action. When you “want” something or “have” something, that “something” will often be in the Accusative case.

Let’s look at how common noun genders change (or don’t change!) in the Accusative when they are direct objects, especially after verbs like “chtít” (to want) or in our polite phrase “chtěl/a bych…” (I would like…).
- Feminine Nouns ending in -a: These are the most noticeable! The -a usually changes to -u.
  - Nominative: káva (coffee), voda (water), polévka (soup)
  - Accusative: kávu, vodu, polévku
  - Example: Chtěl/Chtěla bych kávu. (I would like coffee.)
- Masculine Inanimate Nouns (things, not people/animals): These often do not change their ending in the Accusative case! Easy!
  - Nominative: chléb (bread), sýr (cheese)
  - Accusative: chléb, sýr
  - Example: Chtěl/Chtěla bych chléb. (I would like bread.)
- Neuter Nouns: For now, these also do not change their ending in the Accusative case!
  - Nominative: pivo (beer)
  - Accusative: pivo
  - Example: Chtěl/Chtěla bych pivo. (I would like beer.)

Key takeaway: When you want to say “I would like [something],” remember: _ Chtěl bych (if you are a man) or Chtěla bych (if you are a woman) _ For feminine words ending in -a, change it to -u. * For masculine inanimate or neuter words, the form usually stays the same as the Nominative.

Cultural Note: Czech Beer Culture – Beyond the Pint

You can’t talk about Czech food and drink without talking about beer! Czechs consume more beer per capita than any other nation, and it’s a huge part of their culture.

Pivo (beer) is often cheaper than water in pubs.
Pilsner Urquell (Plzeňský Prazdroj) is the original Pilsner lager, brewed in Plzeň, and is iconic.
Kozel, Staropramen, Gambrinus are other popular brands.
“Na zdraví!” /na ZDRAA-vee/ (Cheers! To your health!) is the common toast. Look people in the eye when you clink glasses!
Ordering “jedno pivo” (one beer) is very common. You don’t need to specify size, a standard “půllitr” (half-liter) is assumed.
The foam is important! A good Czech beer has a thick, creamy head. It’s not just for show; it’s part of the taste and keeps the beer fresh.

Chapter 14: Shopping & Prices in the City

Being able to ask about prices and buy things is super practical. This chapter builds on your numbers knowledge and introduces common shopping vocabulary.

Examples in Action:

Dialogue 1: Buying bread at a bakery You: Dobrý den. Kolik to stojí? /DO-bree DEN. KO-lik to STO-yee/ (Good day. How much does it cost?) Shopkeeper: To stojí třicet korun. /To STO-yee TRZHI-tset KO-run/ (It costs thirty crowns.) You: Děkuji. Chtěl bych chléb, prosím. /DYE-ku-yi. KHTYEL bikh HLEB, PRO-seem/ (Thank you. I would like bread, please. [if you are a man]) Shopkeeper: Tady je váš chléb. /TA-di ye VAASH HLEB/ (Here is your bread.)

Dialogue 2: Buying souvenirs at a market You: Dobrý den. Kolik stojí ta kniha? /DO-bree DEN. KO-lik STO-yee ta KNI-ha/ (Good day. How much does that book cost?) Vendor: Ta kniha stojí sto padesát korun. /Ta KNI-ha STO-yee STO PA-de-saat KO-run/ (That book costs one hundred fifty crowns.) You: Děkuji. Vezmu si ji. /DYE-ku-yi. VEZ-moo si yi/ (Thank you. I’ll take it.)

Vocabulary Table: Shopping & Prices

Czech Word / Phrase	Phonetic Transcription	English Meaning	Notes
Kolik to stojí?	/KO-lik to STO-yee/	How much does it cost?	Your essential question for prices.
koruna	/KO-ru-na/	crown (CZK)	The Czech currency. Plural is koruny (2-4), korun (5+).
obchod	/OP-khot/	shop / store	Masculine noun.
supermarket	/SU-per-mar-ket/	supermarket	Masculine noun.
trh	/trkh/	market	Masculine noun.
suvenýr	/SU-ve-neer/	souvenir	Masculine noun.
kniha	/KNI-ha/	book	Feminine noun.
peníze	/PE-nee-ze/	money	Plural noun.
bankomat	/BAN-ko-mat/	ATM	Masculine noun.
platit	/PLA-tit/	to pay	Verb.
vezmu si…	/VEZ-moo si/	I’ll take…	Useful phrase for purchasing.

Grammar Note: The verb “stát” (to cost) is used in the singular “stojí” for “it costs” regardless of whether the item is singular or plural. “Kolik to stojí?” literally means “How much does it cost?”. If you ask about specific items, the question changes slightly: “Kolik stojí chléb?” (How much does the bread cost?) or “Kolik stojí ty suvenýry?” (How much do those souvenirs cost?). Don’t worry about this difference for now; “Kolik to stojí?” is always safe.

Chapter 15: Adjectives: Making Things Pretty (Nominative & Accusative Agreement)

So far, you’ve learned to identify nouns. Now, let’s make your descriptions more colorful! Adjectives are words that describe nouns (like “good,” “big,” “small”). In Czech, adjectives change their endings to agree with the noun they describe in terms of gender, number, and case. This is a concept you’re already familiar with from French (e.g., grand/grande, petits/petites).

Examples in Action:

Dialogue 1: Describing a good coffee You: Káva je dobrá. /KAA-va ye DOB-raa/ (The coffee is good.) Friend: Ano, je to dobrá káva. /A-no, ye to DOB-raa KAA-va/ (Yes, it is a good coffee.)

Dialogue 2: Describing a big city You: Praha je velké město. /PRA-ha ye VEL-ke MYES-to/ (Prague is a big city.) Friend: Ano, a je to krásné město! /A-no, a ye to KRAAS-ne MYES-to/ (Yes, and it is a beautiful city!)

Dialogue 3: Wanting a big beer You: Chtěl bych velké pivo. /KHTYEL bikh VEL-ke PI-vo/ (I would like a big beer. [man speaking])

Vocabulary Table: Basic Adjectives

Czech Adjective (Nominative Masculine)	Phonetic Transcription	English Meaning
dobrý	/DO-bree/	good
velký	/VEL-kee/	big / large
malý	/MA-lee/	small / little
nový	/NO-vee/	new
starý	/STA-ree/	old
krásný	/KRAAS-nee/	beautiful
drahý	/DRA-hee/	expensive
levný	/LEV-nee/	cheap

Grammar Breakdown: Adjective Agreement (Nominative & Accusative)

Just like in French where grand becomes grande for a feminine noun, Czech adjectives change their endings. The ending depends on:

The Gender of the Noun (Masculine, Feminine, Neuter)
The Case of the Noun (Nominative, Accusative, etc. - for now, just these two)
The Number of the Noun (Singular or Plural)

Let’s look at singular adjective endings for Nominative and Accusative cases, paired with the adjectives dobrý (good) and velký (big).

1. Nominative Case (when the adjective describes the subject):

Noun Gender	Adjective Ending (Masc. Inanimate)	Adjective Form	Example Noun	English Example
Masculine	-ý	dobrý	chléb (bread)	a good bread
	-ý	velký	hotel (hotel)	a big hotel
Feminine	-á	dobrá	káva (coffee)	a good coffee
	-á	velká	restaurace	a big restaurant
Neuter	-é	dobré	pivo (beer)	a good beer
	-é	velké	město (city)	a big city

2. Accusative Case (when the adjective describes the direct object):

Remember, the Accusative form of the noun sometimes changes (like feminine -a to -u), and the adjective changes to match it!

Noun Gender	Adjective Ending (Masc. Inanimate)	Adjective Form	Example Noun (Acc.)	English Example
Masculine	-ý	dobrý	chléb (bread)	I want a good bread. (no change)
	-ý	velký	hotel (hotel)	I see a big hotel. (no change)
Feminine	-ou	dobrou	kávu (coffee)	I want a good coffee.
	-ou	velkou	restauraci	I see a big restaurant.
Neuter	-é	dobré	pivo (beer)	I want a good beer. (no change)
	-é	velké	město (city)	I see a big city. (no change)

Comparison: Adjective Agreement in Czech versus French

You’re already familiar with adjective agreement in French, which should make this concept much easier to grasp:

French:
- un grand livre (a big book - masculine singular)
- une grande ville (a big city - feminine singular)
Czech:
- velká kniha (a big book - feminine singular) $\rightarrow$ kniha is feminine
- velké město (a big city - neuter singular) $\rightarrow$ město is neuter
- velký chléb (a big bread - masculine singular) $\rightarrow$ chléb is masculine

While the specific endings are different, the concept of adjectives changing to match their nouns is the same. Just remember that Czech has three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) in the singular, and the ending changes depending on the case.

Chapter 16: Possessive Pronouns: Mine, Yours, His, Hers

Now that you can describe things, let’s learn how to say whose they are! Possessive pronouns (like “my,” “your,” “his,” “her”) tell us about ownership.

Examples in Action:

Dialogue 1: My coffee, your water You: To je moje káva. /To ye MO-ye KAA-va/ (That is my coffee.) Friend: A to je tvoje voda. /A to ye TWO-ye VO-da/ (And that is your water.)

Dialogue 2: His book, her phone You: To je jeho kniha. /To ye YE-ho KNI-ha/ (That is his book.) Friend: A to je její telefon. /A to ye YEY-ee TE-le-fon/ (And that is her phone.)

Vocabulary Table: Possessive Pronouns (Nominative Singular)

Czech Possessive Pronoun (Masculine)	Phonetic Transcription	English Meaning	Notes
můj	/mooy/	my	Changes for gender and case.
tvůj	/tvooy/	your (informal)	Changes for gender and case.
jeho	/ye-ho/	his	Does NOT change for gender or case! Easy!
její	/yey-ee/	her	Does NOT change for gender or case! Easy!
náš	/naash/	our	(We’ll cover this and other plural forms later)
váš	/vaash/	your (formal/plural)	(We’ll cover this and other plural forms later)
jejich	/yey-ikh/	their	(We’ll cover this later)

Grammar Breakdown: Possessive Pronoun Agreement

Here’s the good news and the even better news:

The “good news” (for můj and tvůj): Just like adjectives, můj (my) and tvůj (your, informal) change their endings to agree with the gender, number, and case of the thing being possessed.
The “even better news” (for jeho and její): Jeho (his) and její (her) are invariable! They never change, no matter the gender or case of the noun they describe. Phew!

Let’s look at můj and tvůj in the Nominative and Accusative singular, just like adjectives:

1. Nominative Case (when the possessed item is the subject):

Noun Gender	Possessive Form for “my”	Possessive Form for “your (informal)”	Example Noun	English Example
Masculine	můj	tvůj	telefon	my phone / your phone
Feminine	moje	tvoje	kniha	my book / your book
Neuter	moje	tvoje	pivo	my beer / your beer

2. Accusative Case (when the possessed item is the direct object):

Noun Gender	Possessive Form for “my” (Acc.)	Possessive Form for “your (informal)” (Acc.)	Example Noun (Acc.)	English Example
Masculine	můj	tvůj	telefon	I want my phone. (no change)
Feminine	moji / mou	tvoji / tvou	knihu	I want my book. (note: moji/tvoji are also common)
Neuter	moje	tvoje	pivo	I want my beer. (no change)

Analogy: Possessive Pronouns as Little Adjectives that Change Form

Think of můj and tvůj as acting very much like adjectives. They “agree” with the noun they’re attached to. If you understand adjective agreement, this will feel very similar. The good news is that jeho and její don’t do this dance!

Chapter 17: Demonstrative Pronouns: This and That

Finally, let’s learn how to point things out! Demonstrative pronouns (like “this” and “that”) help you specify which item you’re talking about.

Examples in Action:

Dialogue 1: Pointing out a book You: Líbí se mi tato kniha. /LEE-bee se mi TA-to KNI-ha/ (I like this book.) Friend: Ale tamta je hezčí. /A-le TAM-ta ye HEZ-chee/ (But that one there is nicer.)

Dialogue 2: Buying that beer You: Chtěl bych tamto pivo, prosím. /KHTYEL bikh TAM-to PI-vo, PRO-seem/ (I would like that beer, please. [man speaking])

Vocabulary Table: Demonstrative Pronouns (Nominative Singular)

Czech Demonstrative (Masculine)	Phonetic Transcription	English Meaning	Notes
tento	/TEN-to/	this (masculine)	Changes for gender and case. More common for “this.”
ten	/ten/	that (masculine)	Can also mean “this,” but generally more “that.” Changes for gender and case.
tuto	/TU-to/	this (feminine)	Rarely used in modern Czech for “this.” Usually tato.
ta	/ta/	that (feminine)
toto	/TO-to/	this (neuter)	Often shortened to just to for “this.”
to	/to/	that (neuter)

Grammar Breakdown: Demonstrative Pronoun Agreement

Demonstrative pronouns behave very much like adjectives and můj/tvůj. They change their endings to agree with the gender, number, and case of the noun they refer to.

Let’s focus on the singular Nominative and Accusative forms for “this” (tento) and “that” (ten).

1. Nominative Case (when the item being pointed out is the subject):

Noun Gender	Form for “this”	Form for “that”	Example Noun	English Example
Masculine	tento	ten	stůl	this table / that table
Feminine	tato	ta	kniha	this book / that book
Neuter	toto	to	město	this city / that city

2. Accusative Case (when the item being pointed out is the direct object):

Noun Gender	Form for “this” (Acc.)	Form for “that” (Acc.)	Example Noun (Acc.)	English Example
Masculine	tento	ten	stůl	I want this table. (no change)
Feminine	tuto / tuto	tu	knihu	I want this book.
Neuter	toto	to	město	I want this city. (no change)

Practical Usage in Shopping or Describing Objects:

You’ll often hear “Tohle” /TO-hle/ or “Tamtohle” /TAM-to-hle/ used informally in conversation, which means “this one” or “that one” respectively. It’s like a simplified, all-purpose “this/that thing.” So, “Kolik tohle stojí?” (How much does this cost?) is very common.
When pointing, a simple “Tohle, prosím” (This one, please) can be enough.

Exercises & Practice

Let’s put your new knowledge of cases, adjectives, and pronouns to the test!

Exercise 1: Asking “Where?” Translate the following questions and answers into Czech.

Where is the hotel? ____ ____ ____? The hotel is here. ____ ____ ____.
Where is the cafe? ____ ____ ____? The cafe is there. ____ ____ ____.
Where is the train station? ____ ____ ____? The train station is by the square. ____ ____ ____ ____.

Exercise 2: Ordering Food & Drinks Translate what a man and a woman would say.

I would like coffee, please. (man speaking) ____ ____ ____, ____.
I would like water, please. (woman speaking) ____ ____ ____, ____.
I would like bread, please. (man speaking) ____ ____ ____, ____.

Exercise 3: Describing with Adjectives Translate the sentences into Czech, paying attention to adjective agreement.

This is a good beer. To je ____ ____.
The coffee is small. ____ je ____.
I want a big book. (woman speaking) ____ ____ ____ ____.

Exercise 4: Whose is it? Translate the sentences into Czech using the correct possessive pronoun.

This is my phone. (man speaking, phone is masculine) To je ____ ____.
That is her water. (water is feminine) To je ____ ____.
I want your bread. (man speaking, bread is masculine inanimate, informal “your”) ____ ____ ____ ____.

Exercise 5: This or That? Translate the sentences into Czech.

I want this beer. (man speaking, beer is neuter) ____ ____ ____ ____.
This table is old. (table is masculine) ____ ____ je ____.
How much does that souvenir cost? (souvenir is masculine inanimate) ____ ____ ____ ____?

Answer Key

Exercise 1: Asking “Where?”

Where is the hotel? Kde je hotel? The hotel is here. Hotel je tady.
Where is the cafe? Kde je kavárna? The cafe is there. Kavárna je tam.
Where is the train station? Kde je nádraží? The train station is by the square. Nádraží je u náměstí.

Exercise 2: Ordering Food & Drinks

I would like coffee, please. (man speaking) Chtěl bych kávu, prosím.
I would like water, please. (woman speaking) Chtěla bych vodu, prosím.
I would like bread, please. (man speaking) Chtěl bych chléb, prosím.

Exercise 3: Describing with Adjectives

This is a good beer. To je dobré pivo.
The coffee is small. Káva je malá.
I want a big book. (woman speaking) Chtěla bych velkou knihu.

Exercise 4: Whose is it?

This is my phone. (man speaking, phone is masculine) To je můj telefon.
That is her water. (water is feminine) To je její voda.
I want your bread. (man speaking, bread is masculine inanimate, informal “your”) Chtěl bych tvůj chléb.

Exercise 5: This or That?

I want this beer. (man speaking, beer is neuter) Chtěl bych toto pivo. (or Chtěl bych to pivo.)
This table is old. (table is masculine) Tento stůl je starý. (or Ten stůl je starý.)
How much does that souvenir cost? (souvenir is masculine inanimate) Kolik stojí ten suvenýr? (or Kolik stojí tohle suvenýr? - informal common)

What You Learned

Výborně! (Excellent!) You’ve just tackled a significant part of Czech grammar: the cases! While we only scratched the surface, you’ve gained crucial practical skills.

Here’s a recap of your new abilities:

Navigating Like a Pro: You can ask “Where is…?” (Kde je…?) and understand basic location phrases using tady, tam, v, na, and u.
Ordering with Confidence: You can politely order food and drinks using Chtěl/Chtěla bych… and apply the first changes of the Accusative case for direct objects.
Shopping Smarts: You can ask “How much does it cost?” (Kolik to stojí?) and understand basic prices in Czech crowns.
Colorful Descriptions: You can now use basic adjectives like dobrý, velký, malý, and understand how they agree with nouns in gender and case.
Possession Pointers: You can say “my,” “your,” “his,” and “her” for single items, recognizing how můj and tvůj agree like adjectives, while jeho and její stay put!
Pointing Out Items: You can use “this” (tento/tato/toto) and “that” (ten/ta/to) to specify objects, seeing how they also agree with nouns.

You’ve made tremendous progress and laid a solid foundation for understanding the flexibility of Czech nouns and adjectives. Don’t worry if all the case changes aren’t perfectly clear yet; consistent practice will make them second nature. Keep practicing these phrases in real-life scenarios! Na shledanou!